為什麼皮膚乾也會得濕疹？醫師告訴你濕疹的原因、症狀與該如何治療
常常覺得渾身搔癢難耐嗎?是不是在空氣汙染嚴重，或是天氣乾燥時症狀更為明顯呢?那麼你很有可能得到濕疹了!導致濕疹的原因有什麼?自我照顧的方式又有哪些?就接著繼續看下去吧。
什麼是濕疹？
濕疹(Eczema)其實就是皮膚發炎(Dermatitis)的狀態，是一種臨床以及病理的「表徵」，常伴有搔癢、發紅、脫屑、水腫性丘疹等症狀，且會以特定的發炎模式惡化。在皮膚的切片下，濕疹會出現表皮細胞間水腫，稱之為海綿樣變化(spongiosis)。一些外在因子或內在因子複雜的交互作用，都可能導致濕疹的發生，若發生原因不明，則可依症狀及病理特徵分為急性、亞急性、或是慢性濕疹(1)。濕疹是常見的皮膚疾病，約影響10%至30%不同的種族或年齡群(2)，例如:異位性皮膚炎(或稱異位性濕疹)在兒童中比在成人中更常見，而缺脂性濕疹(或稱為乾燥性濕疹)則較常發生於老年人(3)。
濕疹的原因有哪些？
當皮膚受到外來物質刺激或是內在因子影響，會使得皮膚受到侵犯而產生發炎反應，就會產生「皮膚發炎」。可能導致濕疹的原因如下(1):
| 外在因子 | 內在因子 |
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維生素D
有部分研究顯示，缺乏光照導致體內有較低的維生素D，與異位性皮膚炎的盛行率及嚴重程度有關(19)。一篇統合性分析也指出，若孕婦體內的維生素D含量較低，會導致小孩有較高風險發生濕疹(20)。根據國健署建議，新生兒至成年期間的維生素D參考攝取量為10微克(21)。
鋅
鋅是不可或缺的微量元素，在皮膚屏障及免疫功能中扮演重要角色(22)。一篇研究結果顯示，給予毛髮中鋅濃度較低的病人補充鋅，可以改善異位性皮膚炎嚴重程度(23)。
得到濕疹後，最惱人的就是其不定時的反覆發作，嚴重時可能還會影響睡眠及生活品質。因此，平常便應該補足身體所需的營養，並適當的利用潤膚劑讓肌膚維持濕潤，如此一來，才能慢慢調整難以改善的過敏體質!
參考資料：https://www.dha.tw
1、Shimizu's textbook of dermatology – Chapter 7: Eczema and Dermatitis
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21、衛生福利部國民健康署 - 國人膳食營養素參考攝取量第八版
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